|
In the course of learning a second language, learners will frequently encounter communication problems caused by a lack of linguistic resources. Communication strategies are strategies that learners use to overcome these problems in order to convey their intended meaning.〔.〕 Strategies used may include paraphrasing, substitution, coining new words, switching to the first language, and asking for clarification.〔.〕〔.〕 These strategies, with the exception of switching languages, are also used by native speakers.〔 The term ''communication Burat'' was introduced by Masoud in 1972,〔.〕 and the first systematic analysis of communication strategies was made by Varadi in 1973.〔Although it was written in 1973, it was published as .〕〔.〕 There were various other studies in the 1970s, but the real boom in communication strategy scholarship came in the 1980s. This decade saw a flurry of papers describing and analyzing communication strategies, and saw Ellen Bialystok link communication strategies to her general theory of second-language acquisition.〔 There was more activity in the 1990s with a collection of papers by Kasper and Kellerman〔.〕 and a review article by Dörnyei and Scott,〔.〕 but there has been relatively little research on the subject since then.〔 == Communication strategies == No comprehensive list of strategies has been agreed on by researchers in second-language acquisition,〔 but some commonly used strategies have been observed: ; Circumlocution : This refers to learners using different words or phrases to express their intended meaning. For example, if learners do not know the word ''grandfather'' they may paraphrase it by saying "my father's father". ; Semantic avoidance : Learners may avoid a problematic word by using a different one, for example substituting the irregular verb ''make'' with the regular verb ''ask''. The regularity of "ask" makes it easier to use correctly.〔 ; Word coinage : This refers to learners creating new words or phrases for words that they do not know. For example, a learner might refer to an art gallery as a "picture place".〔 ; Language switch : Learners may insert a word from their first language into a sentence, and hope that their interlocutor will understand.〔〔 ; Asking for clarification : The strategy of asking an interlocutor for the correct word or other help is a communication strategy.〔 ; Non-verbal strategies : This can refer to strategies such as the use of gesture and mime to augment or replace verbal communication.〔〔.〕 ; Avoidance : Avoidance, which takes multiple forms, has been identified as a communication strategy. Learners of a second language may learn to avoid talking about topics for which they lack the necessary vocabulary or other language skills in the second language. Also, language learners sometimes start to try to talk about a topic, but abandon the effort in mid-utterance after discovering that they lack the language resources needed to complete their message.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Communication strategies in second-language acquisition」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|